英语时态由时间（现在、过去、将来、过去将来）和方式（一般、进行、完成、完成进行）两个维度组合而成，共 4 × 4 = 16 种。
高考常考其中约 10—12 种，重点是：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在进行、过去进行、现在完成、过去完成、现在完成进行。
维度一：时间（动作发生在什么时候）——现在、过去、将来、过去将来。
维度二：方式（动作以什么状态发生）——
👉 记忆要点：时间决定"何时"，方式决定"怎样"。二者相乘，得到 16 种时态。
| 方式 \ 时间 | 现在 | 过去 | 将来 | 过去将来 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 一般 | do / does | did | will do | would do |
| 进行 | am/is/are doing | was/were doing | will be doing | would be doing |
| 完成 | have/has done | had done | will have done | would have done |
| 完成进行 | have/has been doing | had been doing | will have been doing | would have been doing |
⭐ 上海卷常考：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、现在进行、过去进行、现在完成、过去完成、现在完成进行、过去将来（9 种）
1. 经常性、习惯性动作：I get up at six every day.
2. 客观真理、自然规律：The sun rises in the east.
3. 时间表上的安排（将来）：The train leaves at 8:00 tomorrow.
4. 时间和条件状语从句中代替将来时：I'll call you when I arrive.
标志词：always, usually, often, sometimes, every day, on Sundays
1. 过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态：He graduated from college in 2020.
2. 过去经常发生的动作：When I was a child, I often played football.
标志词：yesterday, last week, in 1990, two days ago, just now
关键区别：一般过去时强调"过去发生"，与现在无关；现在完成时强调"对现在有影响"。
| 表达 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| will do | 单纯的将来、临时决定 | I'll answer the phone. |
| be going to do | 计划、打算；有迹象的预测 | It's going to rain. |
| be to do | 按计划、安排要做 | We are to meet at 8. |
| be about to do | 即将做（不与时间状语连用） | He is about to leave. |
1. 过去动作对现在造成的影响/结果：I have lost my key.（现在进不了门）
2. 从过去持续到现在的动作/状态：He has lived here for 10 years.（现在还住在这里）
标志词：already, yet, just, ever, never, since, for, so far, up to now, recently
特别注意：
1. "过去的过去"：在过去某时间点之前已完成的动作。
By the time he arrived, the meeting had ended.
2. 用于宾语从句中，表示在主句动作之前已发生：He said he had finished the work.
3. 用于 hardly...when... / no sooner...than... 结构：Hardly had I arrived when it began to rain.
标志词：by the time, by the end of last year, before, after, when（引导从句）
1. 从过去持续到现在，可能继续下去：I have been learning English for 10 years.
2. 从过去持续到现在，刚刚结束：You look tired. — I have been working all day.
与现在完成时的区别：
当主语是动作的承受者时，用被动语态。被动语态的基本构成是 be + 过去分词。
不同时态的被动语态，就是把 be 动词换成对应时态，过去分词保持不变。
| 时态 | 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在 | do / does | am/is/are done |
| 一般过去 | did | was/were done |
| 一般将来 | will do | will be done |
| 过去将来 | would do | would be done |
| 现在进行 | am/is/are doing | am/is/are being done |
| 过去进行 | was/were doing | was/were being done |
| 现在完成 | have/has done | have/has been done |
| 过去完成 | had done | had been done |
| 情态动词 | can/must do | can/must be done |
1. 不及物动词（无宾语）：happen, occur, rise, appear, disappear, arrive
✔ The accident happened yesterday. ✘ The accident was happened.
2. 系动词：be, look, sound, feel, taste, smell, become, turn
✔ The cake tastes good. ✘ The cake is tasted good.
3. 某些固定短语（主动形式表被动意义）：
sell well（畅销）, wash easily（好洗）, read smoothly（读起来流畅）, write well（好写）
✔ This book sells well. ✘ This book is sold well.
4. 表示"发生"的词组：take place, break out, come about, belong to
✔ The meeting took place yesterday. ✘ The meeting was taken place.
| 结构 | 例句 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| need/want/require doing | The room needs cleaning. | 房间需要打扫（= to be cleaned） |
| be worth doing | The book is worth reading. | 这本书值得一读 |
| have sth done | I had my hair cut. | 我剪了头发（让别人剪） |
| make oneself heard/understood | Make yourself heard. | 让别人听到你的声音 |
时态呼应指主句和从句的时态要相互协调，保持一致。这是上海卷语法填空的必考考点。
主句用将来时，时间/条件状语从句用一般现在时。
I will call you when I arrive at the airport.
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.
引导词：when, while, before, after, until, as soon as, if, unless, in case
主句是过去时，宾语从句一般用过去的某种时态。
He said he was busy.
She told me she had finished the work.
They asked when we would leave.
例外：若从句表示客观真理，仍用一般现在时。
The teacher said the earth moves around the sun.
两个过去动作，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。
When I arrived, the train had left.
By the time he came, we had waited for 2 hours.
He ____ (live) in Beijing for 10 years, but now he lives in Shanghai.
He has ____ (join) the army for 3 years.
The library is ____ (close) now.
I don't know if he ____ (come) tomorrow. If he ____ (come), I will tell you.
I ____ (read) this book for three hours, and I'm still reading it.
The meeting ____ (take) place yesterday.
上海卷对时态语态的考查主要集中在：
时态语态每年为上海卷直接贡献 8—12 分，且是其他题型的"基础能力"。