在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。名词性从句可以作:
· 主语从句:What he said is true.
· 宾语从句:I don't know what he said.
· 表语从句:The problem is what he said.
· 同位语从句:The fact that he lied is clear.
名词性从句由连接词引导,连接词分为三类:
· 连接词 that、whether、if(只起连接作用,不作成分);
· 连接代词:what, which, who, whom, whose, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever, whosesoever;
· 连接副词:when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however。
| 连接词 | 是否作成分 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| that | 不作成分 | 无实义(只起连接作用) |
| whether / if | 不作成分 | 是否 |
| 连接代词(what 等) | 作主语/宾语/定语 | 什么/哪个/谁/谁的 |
| 连接副词(when 等) | 作状语 | 何时/何地/为何/如何 |
核心判断方法:
👉 口诀:缺什么补什么——名词性从句的连接词选择,只看"从句缺什么成分"和"句意是否完整"。
| 从句类型 | 作用 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语从句 | 作主句主语 | What he said is true. |
| 宾语从句 | 作及物动词或介词的宾语 | I don't know what he said. |
| 表语从句 | 作系动词的表语 | The problem is what he said. |
| 同位语从句 | 对前面的名词作解释说明 | The fact that he lied is clear. |
⭐ 关键区分:名词性从句用陈述语序(主语 + 谓语),这一点与疑问句不同。例如:
· I don't know where he lives.(正确,陈述语序)
· ✗ I don't know where does he live.(错误,疑问语序)
| 连接词 | 作用 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| that | 不作成分,无实义 | I know that he is right. |
| whether / if | 不作成分,意为"是否" | I wonder whether he is right. |
| what | 作主语/宾语/定语,意为"什么" | I know what he wants. |
| which | 作定语,意为"哪一个" | I don't know which one to choose. |
| who | 作主语/宾语,意为"谁" | I know who did it. |
| when / where / why / how | 作状语 | I don't know when he will come. |
that:在名词性从句中只起连接作用,不作任何成分,也没有实际意义。
· 在宾语从句中,that 常可省略:I know (that) he is right.
· 在主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中,that 一般不能省略。
whether / if:意为"是否",不作成分。
· 在宾语从句中,whether 和 if 都可以用:I don't know whether/if he will come.
· 但下列情况只能用 whether,不能用 if:
① 引导主语从句且置于句首时;
② 引导表语从句时;
③ 引导同位语从句时;
④ 在介词后时;
⑤ 与 or not 直接连用时(whether or not / whether...or not);
⑥ 后接不定式时(whether to do)。
| 情况 | 正确 | 错误 |
|---|---|---|
| 句首主语从句 | Whether he will come is unknown. | If he will come is unknown. |
| 表语从句 | The question is whether he will come. | The question is if he will come. |
| 同位语从句 | The question whether he will come... | The question if he will come... |
| 介词后 | It depends on whether he will come. | It depends on if he will come. |
| 与 or not 直接连用 | whether or not he will come | if or not he will come |
| 后接不定式 | whether to come | if to come |
对比记忆:
👉 口诀:whether 万能,if 只能宾从。句首、表语、同位语、介词后、or not、不定式——六种情况用 whether。
I know (that) he is honest.
It depends on ____ he will come.
📌 要点:介词后、主语从句句首、表语从句、同位语从句、与 or not 连用、后接不定式——这六种情况只能用 whether。
连接代词在名词性从句中既起连接作用,又在从句中充当某个成分(主语、宾语、定语)。
| 连接代词 | 在从句中作 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| what | 主语/宾语/定语 | 什么(= the thing that) |
| which | 定语 | 哪一个 |
| who | 主语/宾语 | 谁(主格) |
| whom | 宾语 | 谁(宾格) |
| whose | 定语 | 谁的 |
| whatever | 主语/宾语/定语 | 无论什么 |
| whichever | 定语 | 无论哪一个 |
| whoever | 主语/宾语 | 无论谁(主格) |
| whomever | 宾语 | 无论谁(宾格) |
重点区分:what vs that
· that:不作成分,无实义;
· what:在从句中作主语、宾语或定语,意为"什么/……的东西"。
I know that he is right.(从句 he is right 完整,that 不作成分)
I know what he wants.(从句 he wants 缺宾语,what 作宾语)
核心判断方法:
对比示例:
| 句子 | 去掉连接词后从句 | 是否完整 | 用词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| I know ___ he is right. | he is right | 完整 | that |
| I know ___ he wants. | he wants | 缺宾语 | what |
| ___ he said is true. | he said | 缺宾语 | What |
| ___ he is honest is true. | he is honest | 完整 | That |
-ever 形式的含义:
👉 口诀:that 不作成分,what 必作成分。
I know ____ he wants to buy.
📌 口诀:缺成分用 what,不缺成分用 that。
Give the book to ____ comes first.
📌 要点:连接词的格由它在从句中的成分决定,不由主句中的位置决定。
连接副词在名词性从句中既起连接作用,又在从句中作状语。
| 连接副词 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| when | 何时 | I don't know when he will come. |
| where | 何地 | I don't know where he lives. |
| why | 为何 | I don't know why he was late. |
| how | 如何 | I don't know how he solved the problem. |
| whenever | 无论何时 | Whenever you come, you are welcome. |
| wherever | 无论何地 | Wherever you go, I will follow. |
| however | 无论如何 | However hard he tried, he failed. |
注意:连接副词在从句中作状语,所以从句的其他成分是完整的。
I don't know where he lives.(he lives 完整,where 作地点状语)
I don't know where he visited.(✗ 错,visited 缺宾语,应用 what/which)
判断方法:
对比示例:
| 句子 | 从句是否完整 | 用词 |
|---|---|---|
| I don't know ___ he lives. | 完整(lives 不及物) | where |
| I don't know ___ he visited. | 缺宾语(visited 及物) | what/which |
| I don't know ___ he will come. | 完整 | when |
| I don't know ___ he wants. | 缺宾语 | what |
how 的特殊用法:
👉 口诀:从句完整用副词,从句残缺用代词。
I don't know ____ he lives.
📌 要点:连接词的选择必须基于"从句缺什么成分",不是基于"翻译成中文是什么"。
I don't know ____.
📌 口诀:名词性从句用陈述语序,不用疑问语序。
同位语从句:在句中作同位语,对前面的抽象名词作解释说明,说明该名词的具体内容。
常见可接同位语从句的名词:
· fact, idea, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt(事实、想法、消息、希望、信念、想法、怀疑)
· question, problem, possibility, chance, decision, conclusion(问题、可能性、机会、决定、结论)
引导词:that(最常用)、whether、连接代词、连接副词。
The fact that he lied made us angry.
I have no idea whether he will come.
The question how he escaped remains unanswered.
两者在形式上非常相似(都是"名词 + that + 从句"),但本质完全不同:
| 对比项 | 同位语从句 | 定语从句 |
|---|---|---|
| 功能 | 解释名词的内容 | 修饰名词,限定其范围 |
| that 的作用 | 只起连接作用,不作成分 | 作从句的主语或宾语 |
| 能否用 which | 一般不能(除非 which 作从句成分) | 可以 |
| 从句是否完整 | 完整(that 不作成分) | 可能残缺(that 作成分) |
经典对比:
① The news that he told me was exciting.(定语从句:他告诉我的消息——that 作 told 的宾语)
② The news that he won the game was exciting.(同位语从句:他赢了比赛这个消息——that 不作成分,从句完整)
判断方法:去掉 that 后,看从句是否完整:
👉 口诀:同位语从句"解释内容",从句完整;定语从句"限定范围",从句可能残缺。
The fact ____ he told me is not true.
📌 口诀:去掉 that 看完整——完整是同位语,残缺是定语。
The fact ____ he told me is true.
名词性从句一律用陈述语序(主语 + 谓语),不能用疑问语序。
✓ I don't know where he lives.
✗ I don't know where does he live.
✓ I don't know what he wants.
✗ I don't know what does he want.
✓ I don't know how old he is.
✗ I don't know how old is he.
I don't know where does he live.
📌 口诀:名词性从句用陈述语序,不用疑问语序。
I know ____ he wants to buy.
📌 口诀:缺成分用 what,不缺成分用 that。
It depends on ____ he will come.
📌 口诀:whether 万能,if 只能宾从。
The fact ____ he told me is true.
📌 口诀:同位语完整,定语残缺。
Give the book to ____ comes first.
What he said ____ (be) true.
📌 要点:主语从句作主语,主句谓语用单数。
上海卷对名词性从句的考查主要集中在:
名词性从句每年为上海卷直接贡献 3—5 分,且是中译英和概要写作的重要语法点。