情态动词

英语语法精讲 · 第 7 专题

1情态动词总览

教材概念
Grammar

情态动词(modal verbs)本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和动词原形一起构成谓语,表示说话人的语气、态度或推测。

常见情态动词:

can / could, may / might, must, shall / should, will / would, need, dare, ought to

情态动词的三大特征:

① 不能单独作谓语,必须与动词原形连用;

② 没有人称和数的变化(第三人称单数不加 -s);

③ 否定式直接加 not(need 和 dare 除外,它们既是情态动词也是实义动词)。

概念解读
情态动词的"两大功能"

① 表示"能力、许可、义务、意愿"等——这是情态动词的基本用法。

② 表示"推测"——这是上海卷高频考点。用情态动词 + 动词原形,表示说话人对某事的"可能性"的判断。

情态动词 基本含义 例句
can / could 能、会、可以 I can swim.
may / might 可以、可能 May I come in?
must 必须、一定 You must finish it today.
shall 将要、应该(征求对方意见) Shall we go now?
should / ought to 应该 You should study hard.
will / would 将、愿意 I will help you.
need 需要 You needn't worry.
dare 敢 He dare not say it.

👉 口诀:情态动词不能独自作谓语,必须跟动词原形;无人称变化,否定加 not。

① 情态动词的句子结构

情态动词 + 动词原形 主语 情态动词 动词原形 例:He / must / finish / the work today. 情态动词后永远接动词原形,不能加 -s、-ed、-ing ✗ He must finishes. / ✓ He must finish.

② 情态动词的否定形式

情态动词的否定形式 can cannot / can't 不能 may may not / mightn't 可能不 / 不可以 must mustn't 禁止(不是"不必") need needn't 不必(= don't have to)
重点区分:
· mustn't:禁止,不许做(语气强);
· needn't / don't have to:不必做(没有义务)。
对比:You mustn't smoke here.(禁止抽烟)|You needn't come tomorrow.(明天不必来)
典型习题(先做,再看答案)
例 1
用适当的情态动词填空:
(1)I ____ swim when I was five.
(2)____ I come in?
(3)You ____ finish it today.
(4)He ____ not say such a thing.
💡 提示:根据句意选择合适的情态动词。
答案与详解
(1)I ____ swim when I was five.
表示"能力",用 could。
(2)____ I come in?
表示"征求许可",用 May。
(3)You ____ finish it today.
表示"必须",用 must。
(4)He ____ not say such a thing.
表示"敢",用 dare。
(1)could;(2)May;(3)must;(4)dare。

2can 与 could

教材概念
Grammar

can 的主要用法:

① 表示能力:I can swim.(我会游泳)

② 表示许可:Can I use your pen?(我可以用你的笔吗?)

③ 表示可能性:Anybody can make mistakes.(任何人都可能犯错)

④ 表示请求:Can you help me?(你能帮我吗?)

could 的用法:

① 表示过去的能力:I could swim when I was five.

② 表示委婉的请求:Could you help me?(比 Can you 更客气)

③ 表示可能性较小的推测:It could rain tomorrow.

can 与 be able to 的区别:

· can 只有一般现在时(can)和一般过去时(could);

· be able to 可以有各种时态,还可以与情态动词连用;

· 表示"经过努力终于做成某事"时,只能用 was/were able to,不能用 could。

概念解读
can 与 could 的"两个关键区别"

① could 表示"过去的能力",但不表示"过去做成某事":

  • could do:过去有能力做(不强调是否做成了);
  • was/were able to do:过去成功地做了某事(强调结果)。

He could swim when he was 5.(5 岁时会游泳,但不一定某次游成了)

He was able to escape from the fire.(他成功逃脱了——强调"做成了")

② can 与 could 表示"许可、请求"时的礼貌程度:

could 比 can 更客气,但并不表示过去时。

Can you help me?(一般请求)

Could you help me?(更客气)

③ can 表示"推测"时的用法:

  • can 用于疑问句和否定句的推测;
  • can't 表示"不可能";
  • can 用于肯定句表示"理论上的可能",不用于具体推测。

He can't be at home.(他不可能在家)

Can he be at home?(他可能在家吗?)

Anybody can make mistakes.(任何人都会犯错——理论上可能)

👉 口诀:could 表能力不表成功,was able to 才表成功。

① could vs was able to

could 表能力,was able to 表成功 could do He could swim when he was 5. 表示"有能力" was/were able to do He was able to escape. 表示"做成了" 如果强调"成功做了某事",用 was/were able to,不用 could 对比:He could escape.(他当时有能力逃) He was able to escape.(他成功逃脱了)

② can 表推测的用法

can 表示推测 否定句 can't He can't be at home.(他不可能在家) 疑问句 Can...? Can he be at home?(他可能在家吗?) 肯定句(理论上) Anybody can make mistakes.(任何人都可能犯错)
要点:can 用于肯定句时表示"理论上可能"(客观可能性),表示具体推测时要用 must / may / might 等。
典型习题(先做,再看答案)
例 1
用 can, could, be able to 的适当形式填空:
(1)I ____ swim when I was five.
(2)He ____ escape from the fire yesterday.
(3)____ you help me?
(4)He ____ be at home now.
💡 提示:注意 could 与 was able to 的区别。
答案与详解
(1)I ____ swim when I was five.
表示"过去的能力",用 could。
(2)He ____ escape from the fire yesterday.
强调"成功逃脱",用 was able to。
(3)____ you help me?
表示"请求",用 Can / Could(Could 更客气)。
(4)He ____ be at home now.
表示"可能性"(他可能在家的否定或疑问),此处是肯定句的推测,用 may / might。
(如果是否定句,可用 can't;如果是疑问句,可用 Can)
(1)could;(2)was able to;(3)Can / Could;(4)may / might。
易错题(具体例子)
易错点 1 · could 表示"成功做了某事"

He could escape from the fire yesterday.

错误做法:用 could escape(could 表示"能力",不表示"成功做了")。

正确做法:He was able to escape from the fire yesterday.
强调"成功做了某事",用 was/were able to,不用 could。

📌 口诀:could 表能力,was able to 表成功。

易错点 2 · can 用于肯定句的"具体"推测

He can be at home now.(想表达"他现在可能在家")

错误做法:用 can be 表示具体推测。

正确做法:He may / might / could be at home now.
can 用于肯定句时表示"理论上的可能"(客观可能性),表示具体推测时要用 may / might / could。
记忆:
· can 用于肯定句 = 理论上可能(理论、普遍);
· may / might / could 用于肯定句 = 具体推测。

📌 口诀:can 理论,may 具体。

3may 与 might

教材概念
Grammar

may 的主要用法:

① 表示许可:May I come in?(我可以进来吗?)

② 表示推测(可能性约 50%):He may be at home.(他可能在家)

③ 表示祝愿:May you succeed!(祝你成功!)

might 的用法:

① 表示更委婉的许可:Might I use your phone?

② 表示可能性较小的推测(约 30%):He might come tomorrow.

③ may 的过去式,用于宾语从句中:He said he might come.

may / might 表示推测时的比较:

· may:可能性较大(约 50%);

· might:可能性较小(约 30%),语气更不确定。

May 的固定结构:

· may / might (just) as well do:还是……为好,不妨;

· may well do:很可能;

· may / might as well ... as ...:与其……不如……。

概念解读
may 与 might 的"两个关键点"

① may 表示推测时,不能用于疑问句:

· 疑问句中表示"可能",用 can 或 could;

✓ Can he be at home?(他可能在家吗?)

✗ May he be at home?

② May 表示"许可"时的回答:

  • 肯定回答:Yes, you may. / Yes, please.
  • 否定回答:No, you mustn't. / No, you can't.(表示"不许",不用 may not)

— May I smoke here?

— No, you mustn't.(不用 may not,因为 may not 表示"可能不")

③ may well 与 may as well 的区别:

  • may well do:很可能(推测);
  • may as well do:还是……为好(建议);
  • may as well ... as ...:与其……不如……。

He may well be right.(他很可能是对的)

We may as well stay here.(我们还是待在这里为好)

👉 口诀:may 表推测不用于疑问,否定回答用 mustn't。

① may / might / must 表推测的可能性

可能性大小对比 0% 100% might 约 30% may 约 50% must 接近 100% He might come.(可能性较小) He may come.(可能性约一半) He must be at home.(一定在家——几乎确定)

② may well 与 may as well

两个易混结构 may well do He may well be right.(他很可能对) 含义:很可能(推测) may as well do We may as well stay here.(还是待在这为好) 含义:还是……为好(建议)
典型习题(先做,再看答案)
例 1
用 may, might, can, could 填空:
(1)____ I use your pen?
(2)He ____ be at home now.(可能性约 50%)
(3)He ____ be at home now.(可能性约 30%)
(4)____ he be at home now?
💡 提示:注意"许可"、"推测"、"疑问句"的区别。
答案与详解
(1)____ I use your pen?
表示"许可",用 May(或 Can)。
(2)He ____ be at home now.(可能性约 50%)
可能性一半,用 may。
(3)He ____ be at home now.(可能性约 30%)
可能性较小,用 might(或 could)。
(4)____ he be at home now?
疑问句表示"可能",用 Can(或 Could),不能用 May。
(1)May / Can;(2)may;(3)might / could;(4)Can / Could。
例 2
— May I smoke here?
— No, you ____.
(选项:may not / mustn't / needn't)
💡 提示:注意 May 的否定回答。
答案与详解
分析
May I ...? 的否定回答用 mustn't(不许)。
· may not 表示"可能不"(推测),不表示"不许";
· needn't 表示"不必"(没有义务)。
答案:mustn't。
易错题(具体例子)
易错点 1 · may 用于疑问句的推测

May he be at home now?

错误做法:用 May 表示疑问句中的推测。

正确做法:Can / Could he be at home now?
may 表示推测时不用于疑问句,疑问句用 can / could。

📌 口诀:may 表推测,不用于疑问句。

易错点 2 · May I...? 的否定回答用 may not

— May I come in?

— No, you may not.

错误做法:用 may not 表示"不许"。

正确做法:
· 表示"不许":No, you mustn't.
· 表示"不必":No, you needn't.
· 表示"不可以":No, you can't.
但不能用 may not,因为 may not 表示"可能不"(推测)。

📌 要点:May I ...? 的否定回答用 mustn't / can't / needn't,不用 may not。

易错点 3 · may well 与 may as well 混淆

He may as well be right.

错误做法:用 may as well 表示"很可能"。

正确做法:
· 表示"很可能":He may well be right.
· 表示"还是……为好":We may as well stay here.
口诀:may well 表推测,may as well 表建议。

4must 与 have to

教材概念
Grammar

must 的用法:

① 表示必须(主观意愿):You must finish it today.(你必须今天完成)

② 表示推测(几乎确定):He must be at home.(他一定在家)

③ 表示禁止(否定形式):You mustn't smoke here.(禁止抽烟)

have to 的用法:

① 表示不得不(客观需要):I have to wear glasses.(我不得不戴眼镜)

② 有人称、数和时态的变化:has to, had to, will have to。

must 与 have to 的区别:

对比项musthave to
含义主观上的"必须"(说话人认为有必要)客观上的"不得不"(外部条件导致)
人称数变化无有(has to, had to, will have to)
时态只有 must可以有各种时态
否定形式mustn't(禁止,不许)don't have to(不必)
概念解读
must 与 have to 的"两大核心区分"

① 主观 vs 客观:

  • must:说话人认为"必须"(主观意愿);
  • have to:客观条件所迫"不得不"(外部原因)。

You must finish it today.(我要求你今天完成——主观)

I have to finish it today.(今天必须完成——客观原因)

② mustn't vs don't have to(重点):

  • mustn't:禁止,不许做某事(语气强,命令);
  • don't have to / needn't:不必做某事(没有义务)。

You mustn't smoke here.(不许在这里抽烟)

You don't have to come tomorrow.(明天不必来)

③ must 表推测:

  • must be:一定是(对现在的肯定推测);
  • must have done:一定做了(对过去的肯定推测)。

He must be at home.(他现在一定在家)

He must have left.(他一定已经离开了)

👉 口诀:must 主观,have to 客观;mustn't 禁止,don't have to 不必。

① mustn't vs don't have to

禁止 vs 不必 mustn't(禁止,不许) You mustn't smoke here. 含义:绝对不许抽烟 don't have to / needn't(不必) You don't have to come tomorrow. 含义:明天不必来(可以不来)

② must 表推测

must 表推测的两种形式 对现在推测 He must be at home.(他一定在家) must + 动词原形 对过去推测 He must have left.(他一定已经离开了) must have + 过去分词
典型习题(先做,再看答案)
例 1
用 must, have to, mustn't, don't have to 填空:
(1)You ____ finish it today.(主观要求)
(2)I ____ wear glasses.(客观需要)
(3)You ____ smoke here.(禁止)
(4)You ____ come tomorrow.(不必)
💡 提示:注意主观/客观、禁止/不必的区别。
答案与详解
(1)You ____ finish it today.(主观要求)
主观要求,用 must。
(2)I ____ wear glasses.(客观需要)
客观需要,用 have to(主语是 I,用 have to)。
(3)You ____ smoke here.(禁止)
表示"禁止",用 mustn't。
(4)You ____ come tomorrow.(不必)
表示"不必",用 don't have to(或 needn't)。
(1)must;(2)have to;(3)mustn't;(4)don't have to。
例 2
用 must 或 must have 填空:
(1)He ____ be at home now.
(2)He ____ left yesterday.
(3)She ____ have finished her homework.
💡 提示:注意对现在和过去的推测。
答案与详解
(1)He ____ be at home now.
对现在的肯定推测,用 must。
(2)He ____ left yesterday.
对过去的肯定推测,用 must have。
(3)She ____ have finished her homework.
对过去的肯定推测,用 must。
(1)must;(2)must have;(3)must。
易错题(具体例子)
易错点 1 · mustn't 与 don't have to 混淆

You mustn't come tomorrow.(想表达"明天不必来")

错误做法:用 mustn't 表示"不必"。

正确做法:
· 表示"不许":You mustn't come.(不许来)
· 表示"不必":You don't have to come.(不必来,来不来都行)
口诀:mustn't 禁止,don't have to 不必。

📌 要点:mustn't 语气强(不许),don't have to 语气弱(不必)。

易错点 2 · must 用于过去时

He musted finish the work yesterday.

错误做法:用 musted(must 没有过去式)。

正确做法:
· 表示"过去不得不":He had to finish the work yesterday.
· 表示"对过去的推测":He must have finished the work.
要点:must 没有过去式;过去时用 had to;表推测用 must have done。

📌 口诀:must 无过去式,过去用 had to。

5shall、should 与 ought to

教材概念
Grammar

shall 的用法:

① 用于第一人称(I / we),表示征求意见或提出建议:Shall we go now?(我们现在走好吗?)

② 用于第二、三人称,表示说话人的意愿、命令、警告:You shall do as I say.(你得照我说的做)

should 的用法:

① 表示应该(义务、建议):You should study hard.(你应该努力学习)

② 表示推测(可能性较大):He should be here by now.(他现在应该到了)

③ 用于虚拟语气:It is important that he (should) attend.

ought to 的用法:

① 表示应该(与 should 意思相近,但语气稍强):You ought to help him.

② 否定式:ought not to do / oughtn't to do。

should 与 ought to 的区别:

· should 更常用,语气较委婉;

· ought to 语气稍强,更多表示"道义上的责任"。

概念解读
should 与 ought to 的"两大核心"

① should / ought to + have done(重点):

  • 表示"本来应该做而没做"(责备、遗憾);
  • 否定形式:shouldn't / oughtn't to + have done——表示"本来不该做却做了"。

You should have told me earlier.(你本应该早点告诉我——事实上没告诉)

You shouldn't have said that.(你本不该说那个——事实上说了)

② shall 的两种用法:

用法人称例句
征求意见 / 提出建议第一人称(I / we)Shall we go now?
意愿 / 命令 / 警告第二、三人称You shall do as I say.

③ should 表推测:

He should be here by now.(他现在应该到了——可能性较大)

与 must be(几乎确定)、may be(可能)、might be(可能性小)相比,should be 表示"按照常理应该如此"。

👉 口诀:should have done 表责备,shall 一三征求,二三命令。

① should / ought to + have done 的用法

should have done 表责备 should have done(本应该做而没做) You should have told me earlier. 事实:你没有早点告诉我 shouldn't have done(本不该做而做了) You shouldn't have said that. 事实:你说了

② should 表推测与其他情态动词对比

情态动词表推测的程度 must He must be at home.(几乎确定) should He should be at home.(按理应该) may He may be at home.(可能,约 50%) might He might be at home.(可能性较小) can't He can't be at home.(不可能) 顺序:must > should > may > might > can't
典型习题(先做,再看答案)
例 1
用 should / shouldn't + have done 填空:
(1)You ____ (tell) me earlier.(本应该早点告诉我)
(2)You ____ (say) that.(本不该说那个)
(3)He ____ (study) harder last year.(本应该更努力学习)
💡 提示:注意"本应该"和"本不该"的区别。
答案与详解
(1)You ____ (tell) me earlier.
本应该做而没做,用 should have told。
(2)You ____ (say) that.
本不该做而做了,用 shouldn't have said。
(3)He ____ (study) harder last year.
本应该做而没做,用 should have studied。
(1)should have told;(2)shouldn't have said;(3)should have studied。
例 2
用 shall 填空:
(1)____ we go now?
(2)You ____ do as I say.
(3)____ I open the window?
💡 提示:shall 用于第一人称是征求意见,第二三人称表示命令。
答案与详解
(1)____ we go now?
第一人称(we),征求意见,用 Shall。
(2)You ____ do as I say.
第二人称,表示命令(你得照我说的做),用 shall。
(3)____ I open the window?
第一人称(I),征求意见,用 Shall。
(1)Shall;(2)shall;(3)Shall。
易错题(具体例子)
易错点 1 · should have done 与 must have done 混淆

You must have told me earlier.(想表达"你本应该早点告诉我")

错误做法:用 must have told。

正确做法:
· should have done:本应该做而没做(责备);
· must have done:一定做过了(推测)。
You should have told me earlier.(你本应该早点告诉我)

📌 口诀:should have done 责备,must have done 推测。

易错点 2 · shall 用于第二人称的用法混淆

Shall you go now?(想表达"你现在走好吗?")

错误做法:用 Shall 表示"征求意见"放在第二人称。注意 shall 表示"征求意见"时,只用于第一人称(I / we);第二人称表示"意愿、命令、警告",语气不同。

正确做法:
· 征求意见(第一人称):Shall we go now?(我们走好吗?)
· 命令 / 警告(第二、三人称):You shall do as I say.(你得照我说的做)
· 询问对方意愿:Will you go now?(你现在走吗?)

📌 要点:shall 用于第一人称征求意见,第二人称表示命令。

6will、would、need 与 dare

教材概念
Grammar

will 的用法:

① 表示意愿:I will help you.(我愿意帮你)

② 表示请求:Will you please open the door?(请你开门好吗?)

③ 表示习惯:Fish will die without water.(鱼离开水会死)

would 的用法:

① 表示过去的习惯:When I was young, I would swim in the river.

② 表示委婉的请求:Would you please help me?

③ 表示过去的意愿:He said he would come.

need 的用法:

① 作情态动词(多用于否定句和疑问句):You needn't worry.(你不必担心)

② 作实义动词(可用于各种句式):You need to worry.(你需要担心)

dare 的用法:

① 作情态动词(多用于否定句、疑问句和条件句):He dare not say it.(他不敢说)

② 作实义动词:He doesn't dare to say it.(他不敢说)

概念解读
need 与 dare 的"双重身份"

① need 作情态动词 vs 作实义动词:

用法情态动词实义动词
肯定句少用He needs to go.
否定句He needn't go.He doesn't need to go.
疑问句Need he go?Does he need to go?

② dare 作情态动词 vs 作实义动词:

用法情态动词实义动词
否定句He dare not go.He doesn't dare to go.
疑问句Dare he go?Does he dare to go?

③ will 与 would 表示习惯:

  • will 表示"现在的习惯":He will sit for hours reading.
  • would 表示"过去的习惯":When young, he would sit for hours reading.

④ would 表示"过去的习惯"时,与 used to 的区别:

  • would:只强调"过去反复的动作",不与状态连用;
  • used to:可以表示"过去的动作",也可以表示"过去的状态";强调"现在不再这样"。

He would swim in the river every summer.(过去的习惯动作)

He used to be a teacher.(过去的状态)

👉 口诀:need/dare 双重身份;will 现在习惯,would 过去习惯。

① need / dare 的双重身份

need / dare 作情态动词 vs 实义动词 need 情态动词 He needn't go. 实义动词 He doesn't need to go. dare 情态动词 He dare not go. 实义动词 He doesn't dare to go.

② would 与 used to 的区别

would vs used to(表示过去习惯) would(过去的反复动作) He would swim in the river every summer. used to(过去的动作或状态) He used to be a teacher.(过去的状态) would 不能表示过去的状态,used to 可以
典型习题(先做,再看答案)
例 1
用 need / needn't / don't need to 填空:
(1)You ____ worry. Everything will be fine.(你不必担心)
(2)You ____ to worry. Everything will be fine.
(3)He ____ to go to school today.
💡 提示:注意 need 的两种用法。
答案与详解
(1)You ____ worry. Everything will be fine.
need 作情态动词,否定式用 needn't。
(2)You ____ to worry. Everything will be fine.
need 作实义动词,否定式用 don't need。
(3)He ____ to go to school today.
主语 He 是第三人称单数,need 作实义动词,用 needs。
(1)needn't;(2)don't need;(3)needs。
例 2
用 dare / daren't / don't dare to 填空:
(1)He ____ say such a thing.(他不敢说)
(2)He ____ say such a thing.(同上,实义动词)
(3)____ he say such a thing?
💡 提示:注意 dare 的两种用法。
答案与详解
(1)He ____ say such a thing.(他不敢说)
dare 作情态动词,否定式用 daren't(或 dare not)。
(2)He ____ say such a thing.(同上,实义动词)
dare 作实义动词,用 doesn't dare to。
(3)____ he say such a thing?
dare 作情态动词,疑问句用 Dare。
(1)daren't / dare not;(2)doesn't dare to;(3)Dare。
易错题(具体例子)
易错点 1 · need 作实义动词时否定式错误

He needn't to go.

错误做法:needn't 后加 to。

正确做法:
· need 作情态动词:He needn't go.(不加 to)
· need 作实义动词:He doesn't need to go.(加 to)
口诀:needn't 后跟原形,don't need to 后跟动词原形。

📌 要点:needn't 是情态动词,后接动词原形;don't need to 是实义动词,后接 to do。

易错点 2 · would 表示过去的状态

He would be a teacher when he was young.(想表达"他年轻时是老师")

错误做法:用 would be 表示过去的状态。

正确做法:
· 表示过去的状态:He used to be a teacher.(他过去是老师)
· 表示过去的反复动作:He would swim in the river every summer.(他过去每年夏天都去游泳)
要点:would 只能表示过去的反复动作,不能表示过去的状态。

📌 口诀:would 动作,used to 动作和状态。

7情态动词表推测(重点)

教材概念
Grammar

情态动词 + 动词原形/完成式,表示说话人对某事的"推测",可能性大小不同。

形式 含义 例句
must + do 一定(几乎确定,100%) He must be at home.
must have done 一定做了(对过去的肯定推测) He must have left.
can't + do 不可能(否定推测) He can't be at home.
can't have done 不可能做了(对过去的否定推测) He can't have left.
may + do 可能(约 50%) He may be at home.
may have done 可能做了(对过去) He may have left.
might + do 可能性较小(约 30%) He might be at home.
should + do 按理应该 He should be at home by now.
should have done 本应该做而没做(责备) He should have arrived earlier.

对过去推测的三种句式:

· must have done:一定做过;

· can't / couldn't have done:不可能做过;

· may / might / could have done:可能做过。

概念解读
情态动词表推测的"三条黄金规则"

① 对现在的推测:情态动词 + 动词原形

He must be at home.(他现在一定在家)

② 对过去的推测:情态动词 + have + 过去分词

He must have left.(他一定已经离开了)

③ 反意疑问句的"呼应"——当句首有情态动词表推测时,反意疑问句要与主句保持一致:

  • He must be at home, isn't he?(对现在的推测,用 be 动词)
  • He must have left, hasn't he?(对过去的推测有现在影响)
  • He must have left yesterday, didn't he?(明确过去时间时,用过去时)

④ 常用短语辨析:

短语含义例句
must have done一定做过He must have finished it.
should have done本应该做而没做You should have told me.
shouldn't have done本不该做而做了You shouldn't have said that.
needn't have done本不必做而做了You needn't have come.
could have done本来能够做而没做You could have passed the exam.
would have done本来会做(虚拟)I would have come if you had told me.

👉 口诀:对现在用原形,对过去用 have done;must 一定 can't 不可能,may/might 可能。

① 情态动词表推测的"可能性阶梯"

可能性从小到大的排列 can't He can't be at home.(不可能) might He might be at home.(可能,但不确定) may He may be at home.(可能,约一半) should He should be at home.(按理应该) must He must be at home.(几乎确定) 可能性排序:can't < might < may < should < must

② 对现在 vs 对过去

对现在用原形,对过去用 have done 对现在的推测 He must be at home.(他现在一定在家) 对过去的推测 He must have left.(他一定已经离开了) 规律:现在时 → 原形;过去时 → have done
典型习题(先做,再看答案)
例 1
用适当的情态动词 + 动词形式填空:
(1)He ____ (be) at home now. He must be sleeping.(他现在一定在家)
(2)He ____ (leave) already. His coat is not here.(他一定已经离开了)
(3)He ____ (be) at home now. He didn't answer the phone.(他不可能在家)
(4)He ____ (leave) already. His coat is gone.(他可能已经离开了)
💡 提示:注意对现在和过去的推测。
答案与详解
(1)He ____ (be) at home now. He must be sleeping.
对现在的肯定推测,用 must be。
(2)He ____ (leave) already. His coat is not here.
对过去的肯定推测,用 must have left。
(3)He ____ (be) at home now. He didn't answer the phone.
对现在的否定推测(不可能),用 can't be。
(4)He ____ (leave) already. His coat is gone.
对过去的不确定推测(可能),用 may have left。
(1)must be;(2)must have left;(3)can't be;(4)may have left。
例 2
用适当的情态动词 + have done 填空:
(1)You ____ (tell) me earlier.(本应该早点告诉我)
(2)You ____ (say) that.(本不该说那个)
(3)You ____ (come) yesterday.(本不必来)
(4)You ____ (pass) the exam if you had worked hard.(本来能通过)
💡 提示:注意 should / shouldn't / needn't / could + have done 的区别。
答案与详解
(1)You ____ (tell) me earlier.
本应该做而没做,用 should have told。
(2)You ____ (say) that.
本不该做而做了,用 shouldn't have said。
(3)You ____ (come) yesterday.
本不必做而做了,用 needn't have come。
(4)You ____ (pass) the exam if you had worked hard.
本来能够做而没做,用 could have passed。
(1)should have told;(2)shouldn't have said;(3)needn't have come;(4)could have passed。
易错题(具体例子)
易错点 1 · 对过去推测用"must + do"

He must leave yesterday.

错误做法:用 must leave 表示对过去的推测。

正确做法:He must have left yesterday.
对过去的推测用 must + have + 过去分词。

📌 口诀:现在用原形,过去用 have done。

易错点 2 · must 的否定推测用 mustn't

He mustn't be at home.

错误做法:用 mustn't 表示"不可能"。

正确做法:He can't be at home.
· mustn't 表示"禁止"(不许);
· can't 表示"不可能"(否定推测)。
记忆:must 的否定推测用 can't,不用 mustn't。

📌 口诀:must 一定,can't 不可能;mustn't 禁止。

易错点 3 · should have done 与 needn't have done 混淆

You needn't have told me.(想表达"你本应该早点告诉我")

错误做法:用 needn't have told 表示"本应该"(责备)。

正确做法:
· 本应该做而没做:You should have told me.(责备)
· 本不必做而做了:You needn't have told me.(告诉我是多余的)
口诀:should have done 责怪,needn't have done 多余。

📌 要点:should have done 责备,needn't have done 多余,shouldn't have done 责备(不该做)。

8情态动词高频易错点

情态动词十大易错点
易错点 1 · 情态动词后接动词形式错误

He must finishes the work today.

错误做法:情态动词后加 -s。

正确做法:He must finish the work today.
情态动词后必须接动词原形。

📌 口诀:情态动词 + 动词原形,不加 -s / -ed / -ing。

易错点 2 · could 表示"成功做了某事"

He could escape from the fire yesterday.

错误做法:could escape(表示"成功逃脱")。

正确做法:He was able to escape from the fire yesterday.
强调"成功做了某事"用 was/were able to。

📌 口诀:could 能力,was able to 成功。

易错点 3 · may 用于疑问句的推测

May he be at home now?

错误做法:用 May 表示疑问句的推测。

正确做法:Can / Could he be at home now?
may 表推测不用于疑问句,疑问句用 can / could。

📌 口诀:may 表推测不用于疑问句。

易错点 4 · mustn't 与 don't have to 混淆

You mustn't come tomorrow.(想表达"明天不必来")

错误做法:用 mustn't 表示"不必"。

正确做法:
· 禁止:You mustn't come.(不许来)
· 不必:You don't have to come.(不必来)

📌 口诀:mustn't 禁止,don't have to 不必。

易错点 5 · must 用于过去时

He musted finish the work yesterday.

错误做法:用 musted。

正确做法:
· 过去不得不:He had to finish the work yesterday.
· 对过去的推测:He must have finished the work.
must 没有过去式。

📌 口诀:must 无过去式,过去用 had to。

易错点 6 · should have done 与 must have done 混淆

You must have told me earlier.(想表达"你本应该早点告诉我")

错误做法:must have told(表示"一定告诉过")。

正确做法:You should have told me earlier.
· should have done:本应该做而没做(责备);
· must have done:一定做过了(推测)。

📌 口诀:should have done 责备,must have done 推测。

易错点 7 · needn't have done 与 didn't need to do 混淆

You needn't have come yesterday.(其实你不必来,但你还是来了)vs You didn't need to come yesterday.(你不必来,来没来都行)

错误做法:混淆两个结构。

正确做法:
· needn't have done:本来不必做,但做了(表示"多余");
· didn't need to do:不必做,也没做(表示"没有义务")。

📌 口诀:needn't have done 做了多余,didn't need to do 根本就没做。

易错点 8 · must 的否定推测用 mustn't

He mustn't be at home.(想表达"他不可能在家")

错误做法:用 mustn't be(禁止)。

正确做法:He can't be at home.
must 的否定推测用 can't,不用 mustn't。

📌 口诀:must 一定,can't 不可能,mustn't 禁止。

易错点 9 · would 表示过去的状态

He would be a teacher when he was young.

错误做法:用 would be 表示过去的状态。

正确做法:He used to be a teacher when he was young.
would 只能表示过去的反复动作,used to 可以表示动作和状态。

📌 口诀:would 动作,used to 动作和状态。

易错点 10 · need 作实义动词时否定式错误

He needn't to go.

错误做法:needn't 后加 to。

正确做法:
· 情态动词:He needn't go.
· 实义动词:He doesn't need to go.
口诀:needn't 后跟原形,don't need to 后跟 to do。
典型习题(先做,再看答案)
例 1
判断下列句子是否正确,错误的请改正:
(1)He must finishes the work today.
(2)He could escape from the fire yesterday.
(3)May he be at home now?
(4)He mustn't be at home.(想表达"他不可能在家")
💡 提示:综合运用情态动词的易错点。
答案与详解
(1)He must finishes the work today.
错误:情态动词后加 -s。
正确:He must finish the work today.
(2)He could escape from the fire yesterday.
错误:强调"成功做了"应用 was able to。
正确:He was able to escape from the fire yesterday.
(3)May he be at home now?
错误:may 表推测不用于疑问句。
正确:Can / Could he be at home now?
(4)He mustn't be at home.(想表达"他不可能在家")
错误:mustn't 表示禁止。
正确:He can't be at home.
(1)finishes → finish;(2)could escape → was able to escape;(3)May → Can / Could;(4)mustn't → can't。
例 2
用适当的情态动词填空:
(1)He ____ be at home now.(一定)
(2)He ____ have left already.(可能)
(3)You ____ have told me earlier.(本应该)
(4)You ____ come tomorrow.(不必)
(5)You ____ smoke here.(禁止)
💡 提示:根据句意选择合适的情态动词。
答案与详解
(1)He ____ be at home now.(一定)
对现在的肯定推测,用 must。
(2)He ____ have left already.(可能)
对过去的不确定推测,用 may / might。
(3)You ____ have told me earlier.(本应该)
本应该做而没做,用 should。
(4)You ____ come tomorrow.(不必)
表示"不必",用 needn't / don't have to。
(5)You ____ smoke here.(禁止)
表示"禁止",用 mustn't。
(1)must;(2)may / might;(3)should;(4)needn't / don't have to;(5)mustn't。

★高考链接 · 上海卷真题

情态动词在上海卷的考查方式

上海卷对情态动词的考查主要集中在:

  • 语法填空(10 分):无提示词填空中,情态动词及其表推测的用法是高频考点;
  • 中译英(15 分):情态动词是翻译"能够""必须""应该""可能"等表达的关键;
  • 概要写作(15 分):情态动词能让表达更精准、更得体。

情态动词每年为上海卷直接贡献 2—4 分,是语法填空和中译英的重要语法点。

上海卷真题(典型考法)
真题 1 · 情态动词表推测
上海卷 · 语法填空(1分/空)
He ____ be at home now. The light in his room is on.
答案与详解
分析
"房间里的灯亮着"说明"他一定在家",用 must(对现在的肯定推测)。
答案:must。
考点:must 表推测(肯定) | 难度:★☆☆☆☆
真题 2 · 情态动词 + have done
上海卷 · 语法填空(1分/空)
He ____ (leave) already. His coat is not here.
答案与详解
分析
"他的外套不在这里"说明"他一定已经离开了",对过去的肯定推测。
答案:must have left。
考点:must have done(对过去的推测) | 难度:★★☆☆☆
真题 3 · should have done
上海卷 · 语法填空(1分/空)
You ____ (tell) me earlier. Now it's too late.
答案与详解
分析
"现在太晚了"说明"你本应该早点告诉我",用 should have done。
答案:should have told。
考点:should have done(责备) | 难度:★★☆☆☆
真题 4 · mustn't / needn't
上海卷 · 语法填空(1分/空)
You ____ come tomorrow. You can take a day off.
答案与详解
分析
"你可以休息一天"说明"你不必来",用 needn't 或 don't have to。
答案:needn't / don't have to。
考点:needn't / don't have to(不必) | 难度:★★☆☆☆
真题 5 · 中译英(情态动词)
上海卷 · 中译英(3分/句)
你本应该早点告诉我这个消息。
答案与详解
分析
"本应该做而没做"用 should have done。
答案:You should have told me the news earlier.
考点:should have done + 中译英 | 难度:★★☆☆☆
本专题复习清单
  1. 情态动词三大特征:不能单独作谓语、无人称变化、否定加 not。
  2. can / could:能力、许可、请求、推测(否定和疑问);could 表能力,was able to 表成功。
  3. may / might:许可、推测(may 约 50%,might 约 30%);may 表推测不用于疑问句。
  4. must / have to:must 主观必须,have to 客观不得不;mustn't 禁止,don't have to 不必。
  5. shall / should / ought to:shall 第一人称征求意见,第二三人称命令;should 应该;should have done 责备。
  6. will / would:will 现在习惯,would 过去习惯(反复动作);would 不能表示过去的状态。
  7. need / dare:既是情态动词也是实义动词,注意两种用法的区别。
  8. 情态动词表推测:对现在用原形,对过去用 have done;must 一定,can't 不可能,may/might 可能,should 按理应该。
  9. 高频易错点:情态动词后接动词形式错误;could 表成功;may 用于疑问句的推测;mustn't 与 don't have to 混淆;must 用于过去时;should have done 与 must have done 混淆;needn't have done 与 didn't need to do 混淆;must 的否定推测用 mustn't;would 表示过去的状态;needn't 后加 to。
  10. 本专题最高频陷阱:情态动词表推测——对现在用原形,对过去用 have done;must 的否定推测用 can't,不用 mustn't。