情态动词(modal verbs)本身有词义,但不能单独作谓语,必须和动词原形一起构成谓语,表示说话人的语气、态度或推测。
常见情态动词:
can / could, may / might, must, shall / should, will / would, need, dare, ought to
情态动词的三大特征:
① 不能单独作谓语,必须与动词原形连用;
② 没有人称和数的变化(第三人称单数不加 -s);
③ 否定式直接加 not(need 和 dare 除外,它们既是情态动词也是实义动词)。
① 表示"能力、许可、义务、意愿"等——这是情态动词的基本用法。
② 表示"推测"——这是上海卷高频考点。用情态动词 + 动词原形,表示说话人对某事的"可能性"的判断。
| 情态动词 | 基本含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| can / could | 能、会、可以 | I can swim. |
| may / might | 可以、可能 | May I come in? |
| must | 必须、一定 | You must finish it today. |
| shall | 将要、应该(征求对方意见) | Shall we go now? |
| should / ought to | 应该 | You should study hard. |
| will / would | 将、愿意 | I will help you. |
| need | 需要 | You needn't worry. |
| dare | 敢 | He dare not say it. |
👉 口诀:情态动词不能独自作谓语,必须跟动词原形;无人称变化,否定加 not。
can 的主要用法:
① 表示能力:I can swim.(我会游泳)
② 表示许可:Can I use your pen?(我可以用你的笔吗?)
③ 表示可能性:Anybody can make mistakes.(任何人都可能犯错)
④ 表示请求:Can you help me?(你能帮我吗?)
could 的用法:
① 表示过去的能力:I could swim when I was five.
② 表示委婉的请求:Could you help me?(比 Can you 更客气)
③ 表示可能性较小的推测:It could rain tomorrow.
can 与 be able to 的区别:
· can 只有一般现在时(can)和一般过去时(could);
· be able to 可以有各种时态,还可以与情态动词连用;
· 表示"经过努力终于做成某事"时,只能用 was/were able to,不能用 could。
① could 表示"过去的能力",但不表示"过去做成某事":
He could swim when he was 5.(5 岁时会游泳,但不一定某次游成了)
He was able to escape from the fire.(他成功逃脱了——强调"做成了")
② can 与 could 表示"许可、请求"时的礼貌程度:
could 比 can 更客气,但并不表示过去时。
Can you help me?(一般请求)
Could you help me?(更客气)
③ can 表示"推测"时的用法:
He can't be at home.(他不可能在家)
Can he be at home?(他可能在家吗?)
Anybody can make mistakes.(任何人都会犯错——理论上可能)
👉 口诀:could 表能力不表成功,was able to 才表成功。
He could escape from the fire yesterday.
📌 口诀:could 表能力,was able to 表成功。
He can be at home now.(想表达"他现在可能在家")
📌 口诀:can 理论,may 具体。
may 的主要用法:
① 表示许可:May I come in?(我可以进来吗?)
② 表示推测(可能性约 50%):He may be at home.(他可能在家)
③ 表示祝愿:May you succeed!(祝你成功!)
might 的用法:
① 表示更委婉的许可:Might I use your phone?
② 表示可能性较小的推测(约 30%):He might come tomorrow.
③ may 的过去式,用于宾语从句中:He said he might come.
may / might 表示推测时的比较:
· may:可能性较大(约 50%);
· might:可能性较小(约 30%),语气更不确定。
May 的固定结构:
· may / might (just) as well do:还是……为好,不妨;
· may well do:很可能;
· may / might as well ... as ...:与其……不如……。
① may 表示推测时,不能用于疑问句:
· 疑问句中表示"可能",用 can 或 could;
✓ Can he be at home?(他可能在家吗?)
✗ May he be at home?
② May 表示"许可"时的回答:
— May I smoke here?
— No, you mustn't.(不用 may not,因为 may not 表示"可能不")
③ may well 与 may as well 的区别:
He may well be right.(他很可能是对的)
We may as well stay here.(我们还是待在这里为好)
👉 口诀:may 表推测不用于疑问,否定回答用 mustn't。
May he be at home now?
📌 口诀:may 表推测,不用于疑问句。
— May I come in?
— No, you may not.
📌 要点:May I ...? 的否定回答用 mustn't / can't / needn't,不用 may not。
He may as well be right.
must 的用法:
① 表示必须(主观意愿):You must finish it today.(你必须今天完成)
② 表示推测(几乎确定):He must be at home.(他一定在家)
③ 表示禁止(否定形式):You mustn't smoke here.(禁止抽烟)
have to 的用法:
① 表示不得不(客观需要):I have to wear glasses.(我不得不戴眼镜)
② 有人称、数和时态的变化:has to, had to, will have to。
must 与 have to 的区别:
| 对比项 | must | have to |
|---|---|---|
| 含义 | 主观上的"必须"(说话人认为有必要) | 客观上的"不得不"(外部条件导致) |
| 人称数变化 | 无 | 有(has to, had to, will have to) |
| 时态 | 只有 must | 可以有各种时态 |
| 否定形式 | mustn't(禁止,不许) | don't have to(不必) |
① 主观 vs 客观:
You must finish it today.(我要求你今天完成——主观)
I have to finish it today.(今天必须完成——客观原因)
② mustn't vs don't have to(重点):
You mustn't smoke here.(不许在这里抽烟)
You don't have to come tomorrow.(明天不必来)
③ must 表推测:
He must be at home.(他现在一定在家)
He must have left.(他一定已经离开了)
👉 口诀:must 主观,have to 客观;mustn't 禁止,don't have to 不必。
You mustn't come tomorrow.(想表达"明天不必来")
📌 要点:mustn't 语气强(不许),don't have to 语气弱(不必)。
He musted finish the work yesterday.
📌 口诀:must 无过去式,过去用 had to。
shall 的用法:
① 用于第一人称(I / we),表示征求意见或提出建议:Shall we go now?(我们现在走好吗?)
② 用于第二、三人称,表示说话人的意愿、命令、警告:You shall do as I say.(你得照我说的做)
should 的用法:
① 表示应该(义务、建议):You should study hard.(你应该努力学习)
② 表示推测(可能性较大):He should be here by now.(他现在应该到了)
③ 用于虚拟语气:It is important that he (should) attend.
ought to 的用法:
① 表示应该(与 should 意思相近,但语气稍强):You ought to help him.
② 否定式:ought not to do / oughtn't to do。
should 与 ought to 的区别:
· should 更常用,语气较委婉;
· ought to 语气稍强,更多表示"道义上的责任"。
① should / ought to + have done(重点):
You should have told me earlier.(你本应该早点告诉我——事实上没告诉)
You shouldn't have said that.(你本不该说那个——事实上说了)
② shall 的两种用法:
| 用法 | 人称 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 征求意见 / 提出建议 | 第一人称(I / we) | Shall we go now? |
| 意愿 / 命令 / 警告 | 第二、三人称 | You shall do as I say. |
③ should 表推测:
He should be here by now.(他现在应该到了——可能性较大)
与 must be(几乎确定)、may be(可能)、might be(可能性小)相比,should be 表示"按照常理应该如此"。
👉 口诀:should have done 表责备,shall 一三征求,二三命令。
You must have told me earlier.(想表达"你本应该早点告诉我")
📌 口诀:should have done 责备,must have done 推测。
Shall you go now?(想表达"你现在走好吗?")
📌 要点:shall 用于第一人称征求意见,第二人称表示命令。
will 的用法:
① 表示意愿:I will help you.(我愿意帮你)
② 表示请求:Will you please open the door?(请你开门好吗?)
③ 表示习惯:Fish will die without water.(鱼离开水会死)
would 的用法:
① 表示过去的习惯:When I was young, I would swim in the river.
② 表示委婉的请求:Would you please help me?
③ 表示过去的意愿:He said he would come.
need 的用法:
① 作情态动词(多用于否定句和疑问句):You needn't worry.(你不必担心)
② 作实义动词(可用于各种句式):You need to worry.(你需要担心)
dare 的用法:
① 作情态动词(多用于否定句、疑问句和条件句):He dare not say it.(他不敢说)
② 作实义动词:He doesn't dare to say it.(他不敢说)
① need 作情态动词 vs 作实义动词:
| 用法 | 情态动词 | 实义动词 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定句 | 少用 | He needs to go. |
| 否定句 | He needn't go. | He doesn't need to go. |
| 疑问句 | Need he go? | Does he need to go? |
② dare 作情态动词 vs 作实义动词:
| 用法 | 情态动词 | 实义动词 |
|---|---|---|
| 否定句 | He dare not go. | He doesn't dare to go. |
| 疑问句 | Dare he go? | Does he dare to go? |
③ will 与 would 表示习惯:
④ would 表示"过去的习惯"时,与 used to 的区别:
He would swim in the river every summer.(过去的习惯动作)
He used to be a teacher.(过去的状态)
👉 口诀:need/dare 双重身份;will 现在习惯,would 过去习惯。
He needn't to go.
📌 要点:needn't 是情态动词,后接动词原形;don't need to 是实义动词,后接 to do。
He would be a teacher when he was young.(想表达"他年轻时是老师")
📌 口诀:would 动作,used to 动作和状态。
情态动词 + 动词原形/完成式,表示说话人对某事的"推测",可能性大小不同。
| 形式 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| must + do | 一定(几乎确定,100%) | He must be at home. |
| must have done | 一定做了(对过去的肯定推测) | He must have left. |
| can't + do | 不可能(否定推测) | He can't be at home. |
| can't have done | 不可能做了(对过去的否定推测) | He can't have left. |
| may + do | 可能(约 50%) | He may be at home. |
| may have done | 可能做了(对过去) | He may have left. |
| might + do | 可能性较小(约 30%) | He might be at home. |
| should + do | 按理应该 | He should be at home by now. |
| should have done | 本应该做而没做(责备) | He should have arrived earlier. |
对过去推测的三种句式:
· must have done:一定做过;
· can't / couldn't have done:不可能做过;
· may / might / could have done:可能做过。
① 对现在的推测:情态动词 + 动词原形
He must be at home.(他现在一定在家)
② 对过去的推测:情态动词 + have + 过去分词
He must have left.(他一定已经离开了)
③ 反意疑问句的"呼应"——当句首有情态动词表推测时,反意疑问句要与主句保持一致:
④ 常用短语辨析:
| 短语 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| must have done | 一定做过 | He must have finished it. |
| should have done | 本应该做而没做 | You should have told me. |
| shouldn't have done | 本不该做而做了 | You shouldn't have said that. |
| needn't have done | 本不必做而做了 | You needn't have come. |
| could have done | 本来能够做而没做 | You could have passed the exam. |
| would have done | 本来会做(虚拟) | I would have come if you had told me. |
👉 口诀:对现在用原形,对过去用 have done;must 一定 can't 不可能,may/might 可能。
He must leave yesterday.
📌 口诀:现在用原形,过去用 have done。
He mustn't be at home.
📌 口诀:must 一定,can't 不可能;mustn't 禁止。
You needn't have told me.(想表达"你本应该早点告诉我")
📌 要点:should have done 责备,needn't have done 多余,shouldn't have done 责备(不该做)。
He must finishes the work today.
📌 口诀:情态动词 + 动词原形,不加 -s / -ed / -ing。
He could escape from the fire yesterday.
📌 口诀:could 能力,was able to 成功。
May he be at home now?
📌 口诀:may 表推测不用于疑问句。
You mustn't come tomorrow.(想表达"明天不必来")
📌 口诀:mustn't 禁止,don't have to 不必。
He musted finish the work yesterday.
📌 口诀:must 无过去式,过去用 had to。
You must have told me earlier.(想表达"你本应该早点告诉我")
📌 口诀:should have done 责备,must have done 推测。
You needn't have come yesterday.(其实你不必来,但你还是来了)vs You didn't need to come yesterday.(你不必来,来没来都行)
📌 口诀:needn't have done 做了多余,didn't need to do 根本就没做。
He mustn't be at home.(想表达"他不可能在家")
📌 口诀:must 一定,can't 不可能,mustn't 禁止。
He would be a teacher when he was young.
📌 口诀:would 动作,used to 动作和状态。
He needn't to go.
上海卷对情态动词的考查主要集中在:
情态动词每年为上海卷直接贡献 2—4 分,是语法填空和中译英的重要语法点。