主谓一致指句子中的谓语动词必须在人称和数上与主语保持一致。这是英语造句的基本规则之一。
主谓一致遵循三个基本原则：
① 语法一致原则——谓语动词与主语在语法形式上保持一致（单数主语 + 单数谓语；复数主语 + 复数谓语）。
② 意义一致原则——谓语动词与主语在意义上保持一致，而不完全看形式（如集体名词、时间/距离/金额等看作整体）。
③ 就近一致原则——谓语动词与最靠近的主语保持一致（如 either...or, neither...nor, not only...but also 等）。
做语法填空/改错时，判断主谓一致的顺序：
三大原则的口诀：
👉 总体口诀：语法一致为主，意义一致为辅，就近一致为特例。
| 原则 | 核心规则 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 语法一致 | 单数主语 + 单数谓语；复数主语 + 复数谓语 | The boy plays football. The boys play football. |
| 意义一致 | 主语形式是复数但意义是单数 → 用单数谓语；反之亦然 | Ten years is a long time. The police are looking for him. |
| 就近一致 | 谓语与最靠近的主语保持一致 | Either you or he is right. |
⭐ 核心提醒：主谓一致的考点，主要集中在"语法一致 vs 意义一致"的冲突情形中。看到主语是"看似复数实则单数"或"看似单数实则复数"时，就要格外小心。
语法一致原则：谓语动词与主语在语法形式上保持一致。
· 单数主语（名词单数、不可数名词、单数代词）→ 用单数谓语（动词加 -s / -es，be 用 is / was）；
· 复数主语（名词复数、复数代词）→ 用复数谓语（动词用原形，be 用 are / were）。
单数主语的具体类型：
· 单数可数名词：The book is interesting.
· 不可数名词：Water is important.
· 单数代词：He / She / It works hard.
· 不定式（短语）作主语：To learn English is important.
· 动名词（短语）作主语：Swimming is my hobby.
· 主语从句：What he said is true.
· 表时间/距离/金额/重量的复数名词看作整体：Ten years is a long time.
① 主语是"短语/从句"时，谓语用单数：
② 主语后有"附加成分"时，谓语仍与主语本身一致：
当主语后面跟有 with, together with, along with, as well as, including, besides, except, but, rather than 等引导的短语时，谓语与前面的主语保持一致，不受这些短语影响。
The teacher, together with his students, is visiting the museum.
Nobody but Tom and Jack knows the answer.
③ 主语是"不定代词"时：
👉 口诀：短语从句作主语，谓语一律用单数；附加成分不影响，谓语与主语音一致。
The teacher, together with his students, are visiting the museum.
📌 口诀：附加成分不影响，谓语与主语音一致。
Going to bed early and getting up early are a good habit.
📌 要点：两个动名词/不定式用 and 连接——指同一概念用单数，指不同概念用复数。
Each of the students have a book.
📌 要点：each / every / either / neither / one / another 等作主语，谓语用单数。
意义一致原则：谓语动词与主语在意义上保持一致，而不完全看形式。
常见情形：
① 集体名词：family, class, team, group, government, public, committee 等——
· 视为"整体"时 → 单数谓语；
· 视为"各个成员"时 → 复数谓语。
My family is a big one.（作为整体）
My family are all watching TV.（强调每个人）
② 形式复数、意义单数——
· 学科名称：maths, physics, politics, economics 等；
· 疾病名称：measles, mumps, diabetes 等；
· 国家/机构/书名：the United States, the United Nations 等；
· 表时间/距离/金额/重量：ten years, five dollars, three miles 等（视为整体）。
③ 形式单数、意义复数——
· the + 形容词表示一类人：the poor, the rich, the young 等；
· 集体名词：people, police, cattle, youth 等（视为复数）。
① 集体名词的两种数：
| 视为整体（单数） | 视为个体（复数） |
|---|---|
| My family is large. | My family are all doctors. |
| The class is made up of 50 students. | The class are discussing the problem. |
| The team is the best in our school. | The team are wearing new uniforms. |
② 形式复数、意义单数：
③ 形式单数、意义复数：
👉 口诀：集体名词两可数，学科疾病用单数，the + 形容词用复数。
My family are all watching TV.（想说"我的家人都在看电视"）
📌 要点：集体名词的数由句子意义决定。
Physics are my favorite subject.
📌 口诀：学科 -s 结尾用单数。
The young is the future of our country.
📌 口诀：the + 形容词指一类人，用复数谓语。
就近一致原则：谓语动词与最靠近它的主语保持一致。
常见结构：
① either...or...：Either you or he is right.
② neither...nor...：Neither you nor he is right.
③ not only...but also...：Not only you but also he is right.
④ not...but...：Not you but he is right.
⑤ or / nor 单独连接两个主语：Tom or his friends are coming.
⑥ there be 句型：There is a book and two pens on the desk.
⑦ here be 句型：Here is a pen and two books.
注意：there be 句型的就近一致，与 and 连接的并列主语构成的关系密切。
① 就近一致结构一览：
| 结构 | 谓语与谁一致 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| either...or... | 与 or 后靠近谓语的 | Either you or he is right. |
| neither...nor... | 与 nor 后靠近谓语的 | Neither you nor he is right. |
| not only...but also... | 与 but also 后靠近谓语的 | Not only you but also he is right. |
| not...but... | 与 but 后靠近谓语的 | Not you but he is right. |
| or / nor | 与 or / nor 后靠近谓语的 | Tom or his friends are coming. |
| there be | 与最靠近的那个主语 | There is a book and two pens. |
| here be | 与最靠近的那个主语 | Here is a pen and two books. |
② 与"意义一致"的区分：
就近一致≠意义一致。就近一致是"看位置"，意义一致是"看意义"。做题时要先判断结构类型：
👉 口诀：either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also——就近一致。
Either you or he are right.
📌 口诀：either/or 就近一致。
There is two pens and a book on the desk.
📌 要点：there be 就近一致——看最靠近的那个主语。
以下特殊结构的主谓一致是高频考点：
① 分数/百分数 + of + 名词：谓语与 of 后的名词一致。
Two-thirds of the students are girls.
Two-thirds of the water is polluted.
② a number of vs the number of：
· a number of + 复数名词（许多）→ 谓语用复数：A number of students are playing.
· the number of + 复数名词（……的数量）→ 谓语用单数：The number of students is 500.
③ a lot of / lots of / plenty of / most of / some of / the rest of / half of：
谓语与 of 后的名词一致。
④ all of / none of / either of / neither of：
· 正式英语中，谓语通常用单数；
· 口语中，all/none/some of + 复数名词，谓语可用复数。
⑤ a variety of / a series of：
· a variety of + 复数名词 → 谓语用复数：A variety of books are on the shelf.
· a series of + 复数名词 → 谓语用单数：A series of lectures is going to be held.
⑥ many a + 单数名词：谓语用单数（意义上是"许多"但形式是单数）。
Many a student has made the same mistake.
⑦ more than one + 单数名词：谓语用单数（虽然意义是"不止一个"）。
More than one student is late today.
| 结构 | 谓语的数 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| a number of + 复数名词 | 复数 | A number of students are playing. |
| the number of + 复数名词 | 单数 | The number of students is 500. |
| many a + 单数名词 | 单数 | Many a student has made the mistake. |
| more than one + 单数名词 | 单数 | More than one student is late. |
| a variety of + 复数名词 | 复数 | A variety of books are on the shelf. |
| a series of + 复数名词 | 单数 | A series of lectures is going to be held. |
| 分数/百分数 + of + 复数名词 | 复数 | Two-thirds of the students are girls. |
| 分数/百分数 + of + 不可数名词 | 单数 | Two-thirds of the water is polluted. |
记忆要点：
👉 口诀：a number of 复数，the number of 单数；many a 单数，more than one 单数。
A number of students is playing on the playground.
📌 口诀：a number of 复数，the number of 单数。
Many a student have made the same mistake.
📌 要点：many a + 单数名词，谓语用单数。
More than one student are late today.
📌 要点：more than one + 单数名词，谓语用单数。
A series of lectures are going to be held.
📌 口诀：a series of 单数，a variety of 复数。
| 结构 | 谓语的数 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| each / every / either / neither / one / another + 单数 | 单数 | Each of them is here. |
| both / few / many / several | 复数 | Both of them are here. |
| all / some / any / none / most / half / the rest of + 名词 | 与 of 后名词一致 | Most of the students are here. Most of the water is clean. |
| 分数/百分数 + of + 名词 | 与 of 后名词一致 | Two-thirds of the students are girls. |
| a number of + 复数名词 | 复数 | A number of students are here. |
| the number of + 复数名词 | 单数 | The number of students is 500. |
| many a + 单数名词 | 单数 | Many a student has come. |
| more than one + 单数名词 | 单数 | More than one student is late. |
| a variety of + 复数名词 | 复数 | A variety of books are here. |
| a series of + 复数名词 | 单数 | A series of lectures is going to be held. |
| the + 形容词（一类人） | 复数 | The young are the future. |
| 学科/疾病名称 | 单数 | Physics is interesting. |
| 时间/距离/金额 | 单数 | Ten years is a long time. |
| 集体名词（视为整体） | 单数 | My family is large. |
| 集体名词（视为个体） | 复数 | My family are all doctors. |
| people / police / cattle | 复数 | The police are coming. |
| 主语 + with/together with/as well as + 名词 | 与主语一致 | The teacher, with his students, is here. |
| there be / here be + 并列主语 | 就近一致 | There is a book and two pens. |
| either...or / neither...nor / not only...but also | 就近一致 | Either you or he is right. |
The teacher, together with his students, are visiting the museum.
📌 口诀：附加成分不影响，谓语与主语音一致。
My family are all watching TV.（想表达"我的家人都在看电视"）
📌 要点：集体名词的数由句子意义决定。
Physics are my favorite subject.
📌 口诀：学科 -s 结尾用单数。
The young is the future of our country.
📌 口诀：the + 形容词指一类人，用复数谓语。
Either you or he are right.
📌 口诀：either/or 就近一致。
A number of students is playing.
📌 口诀：a number of 复数，the number of 单数。
Many a student have made the mistake.
📌 要点：many a + 单数名词，谓语单数。
More than one student are late.
📌 要点：more than one + 单数名词，谓语单数。
A series of lectures are going to be held.
📌 口诀：a series of 单数，a variety of 复数。
There is two pens and a book on the desk.
📌 要点：there be 就近一致——看最靠近谓语的主语。
上海卷对主谓一致的考查主要集中在：
主谓一致是语法填空和写作的"隐形考点"——它很少单独出题，但错误一次就会丢分。